Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19)
Важно о COVID-19: Симптомы, Лечение и Профилактика
Люди с тяжелым заболеванием и те, кто нуждается в госпитализации, должны получить лечение как можно скорее. Последствия тяжелого COVID-19 включают смерть, респираторную недостаточность, сепсис, тромбоэмболию (сгустки крови) и множественную органную недостаточность, включая поражение сердца, печени или почек.
В редких случаях дети могут развить тяжелый воспалительный синдром через несколько недель после заражения.
Некоторые люди, переболевшие COVID-19, независимо от того, нужна ли им госпитализация, продолжают испытывать симптомы. Эти отдаленные эффекты называются длительным COVID (или пост-COVID-19 состояние). Самые распространенные симптомы, связанные с длительным COVID, включают усталость, одышку и нарушение когнитивных функций (например, смутность, забывчивость или отсутствие ментальной фокусировки или ясности).
Длительное COVID может повлиять на способность человека выполнять повседневные задачи, такие как работа или домашние дела.
Лечение
Большинство людей выздоровеют без необходимости госпитализации.
Для тех, кто нуждается в этом, врачи предложат лечение COVID-19 в зависимости от тяжести заболевания и риска его ухудшения. Они также учтут возраст человека и наличие других проблем со здоровьем.
Профилактика
Вакцины от COVID-19 обеспечивают надежную защиту от тяжелого заболевания, госпитализации и смерти.
Для предотвращения распространения COVID-19 рекомендуется:
- Вакцинация против COVID-19 осуществляется на основе приоритетных групп, таких как люди старше 60 лет и те, у кого есть подлежащие медицинские проблемы, такие как повышенное давление, диабет, хронические заболевания, иммунодепрессия (включая ВИЧ), ожирение, рак, беременные женщины и невакцинированные лица. В марте 2023 года ВОЗ обновила свои рекомендации относительно вакцинации первичной серии (двух доз любой вакцины), а также необходимости бустерных доз. Эти рекомендации имеют временный характер и могут меняться в зависимости от того, как вирус SARS-CoV-2 циркулирует в вашем регионе или стране. Важно следить за местными рекомендациями и указаниями, предоставленными местным органом здравоохранения.
- Несмотря на то, что вакцины защищают от тяжелого заболевания и смерти, после вакцинации все еще есть возможность передачи SARS-CoV-2 другим людям.
Реакция ВОЗ
Всемирная организация здравоохранения является глобальным координирующим агентством по реагированию на пандемию COVID-19. Организация сотрудничает с государствами-членами и партнерами по всем аспектам реагирования на пандемию, включая организацию исследований, разработку рекомендаций, координацию разработки и распределения вакцин, и мониторинг ежедневного числа случаев и тенденций во всем мире.
<strong>Доступ к инструментам для борьбы с COVID-19 (ACT) Ускоритель</strong>
<li>Diabetes</li>
<li>Chronic lung disease</li>
<li>Asthma</li>
<li>Chronic kidney disease</li>
<li>Sickle cell disease</li>
<li>Heart conditions</li>
<li>Immune compromise from solid organ transplant or blood or bone marrow transplant</li>
<li>Liver disease</li>
<li>Severe obesity</li>
<li>Pregnancy and recent childbirth</li>
This list is not complete. Factors linked to a health issue may raise the risk of serious COVID-19 illness too. Examples are a medical condition where people live in a group home, or lack of access to medical care. Also, people with more than one health issue, or people of older age who also have health issues have a higher chance of severe illness.
Treatment and drug development
Complications of COVID-19 include long-term loss of taste and smell, skin rashes, and sores. The illness can cause trouble breathing or pneumonia. Medical issues a person already manages may get worse.
Complications of severe COVID-19 illness can include:
Post-COVID-19 Syndrome
After a COVID-19 infection, some people report that symptoms continue for months, or they develop new symptoms. This syndrome has often been called long COVID, or post-COVID-19. You might hear it called long haul COVID-19, post-COVID conditions or PASC. That’s short for post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2.
Other infections, such as the flu and polio, can lead to long-term illness. But the virus that causes COVID-19 has only been studied since it began to spread in 2019. So, research into the specific effects of long-term COVID-19 symptoms continues.
Researchers do think that post-COVID-19 syndrome can happen after an illness of any severity.
Getting a COVID-19 vaccine may help prevent post-COVID-19 syndrome.
Typical COVID-19 symptoms often show up 2 to 14 days after contact with the virus.
Symptoms can include:
People may only have a few symptoms or none. People who have no symptoms but test positive for COVID-19 are called asymptomatic. For example, many children who test positive don’t have symptoms of COVID-19 illness. People who go on to have symptoms are considered presymptomatic. Both groups can still spread COVID-19 to others.
Some people may have symptoms that get worse about 7 to 14 days after symptoms start.
Most people with COVID-19 have mild to moderate symptoms. But COVID-19 can cause serious medical complications and lead to death. Older adults or people who already have medical conditions are at greater risk of serious illness.
COVID-19 may be a mild, moderate, severe or critical illness.
Rarely, people who catch the coronavirus can develop a group of symptoms linked to inflamed organs or tissues. The illness is called multisystem inflammatory syndrome. When children have this illness, it is called multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children, shortened to MIS-C. In adults, the name is MIS-A.
When to see a doctor
Contact a healthcare professional if you test positive for COVID-19. If you have symptoms and need to test for COVID-19, or you’ve been exposed to someone with COVID-19, a healthcare professional can help.
Get emergency help right away for any of these symptoms:
This list doesn’t include every emergency symptom. If you or a person you’re taking care of has symptoms that worry you, get help. Let the healthcare team know about a positive test for COVID-19 or symptoms of the illness.
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COVID-19 Vaccines
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Monitoring the impact of COVID-19 and the effectiveness of prevention and control strategies remains a public health priority. CDC continues to provide sustainable, high-impact, and timely information to inform decision-making.
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COVID-19 Data
Recombinants
All coronaviruses have the potential to undergo a natural process called “recombination”. This can occur when two different lineages infect the same cell in someone at the same time. This rare phenomenon may affect the characteristics of the virus – including its ability to spread, cause severe disease or make treatments or vaccines less effective. In many cases, recombinant viruses do not have competitive advantages that help them rise.
CDC’s genomic surveillance systems can reliably detect and monitor the spread of variants, including recombinants. When a recombinant does emerge, CDC scientists evaluate and monitor the new recombinant just like any other variant lineage – including how it might be classified or when it should be presented on CDC’s COVID Data Tracker.
Types of Classification
There are multiple ways in which SARS-CoV-2 viruses are classified. Each classification type can be appropriate, depending on the context in which SARS-CoV-2 is being communicated. SARS-CoV-2 is often discussed in the context of lineages (and sublineages). The most commonly used classification system for lineages is Pango. Nextclade may also be used in this context. In a larger context, lineages or groups of related lineages may be classified using Greek letters (such as Omicron) by the World Health Organization (WHO). These classification methods enable scientists to communicate similarities and differences between SARS-CoV-2 viruses.
Variant Classification
The SIG has updated its classification system and working definitions for variants of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, to better reflect the current variant landscape. The previous system classified all Omicron sublineages as part of the Omicron VOC and therefore did not provide the distinction needed to compare new descendent lineages with altered phenotypic characteristics to the Omicron parent lineages (BA.1, BA.2). These classification updates allow for independent evaluation and tracking of Omicron sublineages and forthcoming new variants when required.
The SIG uses four types of classifications:
Notes: Each variant classification includes the possible attributes of lower classes (for example, VOC includes the possible attributes of VOI). This page will be updated as needed to show the variants that belong to each class. U.S. classifications may differ from the WHO classifications because the impact of variants may differ by location. The labels assigned to each variant are provided in the List of Variants Table.
Pango Lineage System
The Pango lineage system is hierarchical—like a family tree. Lineages are evolutionarily descendants of a “parent” lineage. A lineage may be described as a “sublineage” when it is being discussed in relation to its parent lineage.
Lineages are named using an alphabetical prefix (such as B or BA) and numerical suffix (such as “.1” or “.1.1.5”). When a new lineage is defined, the Pango system assigns an additional number to the name of its parent lineage (e.g., BA.2.75 is a sublineage of BA.2). As the virus continues to change, the Pango lineage names can become very long. Lineages with longer names may be given alphabetic aliases and numbering continues (e.g., “BA” stands for “B.1.1.529,” thus BA.2 is the same as B.1.1.529.2).
Nextclade
Nextclade is a tool that is used to classify SARS-CoV-2 sequences according to their genetic relatedness. Potentially important branches of the SARS-CoV-2 family tree are given names, indicating members of that branch are a “clade” and are thought to arise from a common ancestor.
Reservoir and origin
Transmission of SARS-CoV-1 and SARS‑CoV‑2 from mammals as biological carriers to humans
Samples taken from Rhinolophus sinicus, a species of horseshoe bats, show an 80% resemblance to SARS‑CoV‑2.
Phylogenetics and taxonomy
Genomic organisation of isolate Wuhan-Hu-1, the earliest sequenced sample of SARS-CoV-2
NCBI genome ID
Year of completion2020
Transmission electron micrograph of SARS‑CoV‑2 virions (red) isolated from a patient during the COVID-19 pandemic
SARS-CoV-1, 79% to SARS-CoV-2
This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
False-colour transmission electron micrograph of a B.1.1.7 variant coronavirus. The variant’s increased transmissibility is believed to be due to changes in the structure of the spike proteins, shown here in green.
Infection and transmission
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends a COVID-19 vaccine for everyone age 6 months and older. The COVID-19 vaccine can lower the risk of death or serious illness caused by COVID-19. It lowers your risk and lowers the risk that you may spread it to people around you.
The COVID-19 vaccines available in the United States are:
In general, people age 5 and older with typical immune systems can get any vaccine approved or authorized for their age. They usually don’t need to get the same vaccine each time.
Some people should get all their vaccine doses from the same vaccine maker, including:
Talk to your healthcare professional if you have any questions about the vaccines for you or your child. Your healthcare team can help you if:
People with weakened immune systems
Your health care team may suggest added doses of COVID-19 vaccine if you have a moderately or severely weakened immune system.
Control the spread of infection
In addition to vaccination, there are other ways to stop the spread of the virus that causes COVID-19.
If you are at a higher risk of serious illness, talk to your healthcare professional about how best to protect yourself. Know what to do if you get sick so you can quickly start treatment.
If you feel ill or have COVID-19, stay home and away from others, including pets, if possible. Avoid sharing household items such as dishes or towels if you’re sick.
In general, make it a habit to:
Try to spread out in crowded public areas, especially in places with poor airflow. This is important if you have a higher risk of serious illness.
The CDC recommends that people wear a mask in indoor public spaces if you’re in an area with a high number of people with COVID-19 in the hospital. They suggest wearing the most protective mask possible that you’ll wear regularly, that fits well and is comfortable.
Travel and COVID-19
Travel brings people together from areas where illnesses may be at higher levels. Masks can help slow the spread of respiratory diseases in general, including COVID-19. Masks help the most in places with low air flow and where you are in close contact with other people. Also, masks can help if the places you travel to or through have a high level of illness.
Masking is especially important if you or a companion have a high risk of serious illness from COVID-19.
More Information
Feb. 21, 2024
List of Variants
Date of Designation
Variants containing the F456L spike mutations*
VOI: September 1, 2023
VBM: September 1, 2023
B.1.1.7 and Q lineages
VOC: December 29, 2020
VBM: September 21, 2021
B.1.351 and descendent lineages
VOC: December 29, 2020
P.1 and descendent lineages
B.1.617.2 and descendant lineages
VOC: June 15, 2021
VBM: April 14, 2022
VOC: March 19, 2021
VOI: February 26, 2021
VOI: June 29, 2021
VOI: May 7, 2021
Omicron (parent lineages)**
B.1.1.529 and descendant lineages
VOC: November 26, 2021
* Many lineages have acquired the F456L mutation and common examples include EG.5, FL.1.5.1, and XBB.1.16.6.
** Omicron parent lineages include BA.1 or similar.
Causes
COVID-19 is caused by infection with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, also called SARS-CoV-2.
The coronavirus spreads mainly from person to person, even from someone who is infected but has no symptoms. When people with COVID-19 cough, sneeze, breathe, sing or talk, their breath may be infected with the COVID-19 virus.
The coronavirus carried by a person’s breath can land directly on the face of a nearby person, after a sneeze or cough, for example. The droplets or particles the infected person breathes out could possibly be breathed in by other people if they are close together or in areas with low air flow. And a person may touch a surface that has respiratory droplets and then touch their face with hands that have the coronavirus on them.
It’s possible to get COVID-19 more than once.
The virus that causes COVID-19 can infect some pets. Cats, dogs, hamsters and ferrets have caught this coronavirus and had symptoms. It’s rare for a person to get COVID-19 from a pet.
What You Need to Know
A VOHC has clear evidence that prevention measures or medical countermeasures (MCMs) have significantly reduced effectiveness relative to previously circulating variants. CDC monitors all variants circulating in the United States. In addition to the possible attributes of a variant of concern, variants designated as VOHC include impact on MCMs such as:
A variant of high consequence would require notification to WHO under the International Health Regulations, reporting to CDC, an announcement of strategies to prevent or contain transmission, and recommendations to update treatments and vaccines.
Currently, no SARS-CoV-2 variants are designated as VOHC. Classifications may change over time, based on the information available.
CDC monitors all variants circulating in the United States. In addition to the possible attributes of a variant of interest, variants designated as VOC include:
Variants of concern might require one or more appropriate public health actions such as:
Diagnostic tests, vaccines or treatments may be adapted to increase efficacy against circulating variants of concern.
Currently, no SARS-CoV-2 variants are designated as VOC. Classifications may change over time, based on the information available.
CDC monitors all variants circulating in the United States. Variants designated as VOI include variants that have:
Possible attributes of a Variant of Interest include:
A Variant of Interest may have limited prevalence in the United States, but potentially expanding in other countries. It might require one or more public health actions. CDC may increase surveillance or epidemiologic investigations to evaluate the risk a VOI may have on the United States.
CDC monitors all variants circulating in the United States. Variants designated as VBM include:
A Variant of Interest or a Variant of Concern may be downgraded to this list after it is no longer circulating at sustained levels and no longer poses significant risk to public health in the United States. Classifications may change over time, based on the evolving situation and information available.
Key Definitions
SARS-CoV-2 Variant Classifications and Definitions