Вакцины от COVID-19: Что вам нужно знать
Роль Вируса SARS-CoV-2 в эпидемиологии COVID-19
Несмотря на невиданную скорость разработки вакцин для предотвращения COVID-19 и на мощные глобальные усилия по массовой вакцинации, появление новых вариантов вируса SARS-CoV-2 угрожает разрушить прогресс, достигнутый в ограничении распространения этой болезни. Этот обзор направлен на полное описание этиологии, эпидемиологии, патофизиологии и клинических особенностей COVID-19. В обзоре также представлен обзор различных вариантов SARS-CoV-2 и рекомендованное руководство по лечению (на январь 2023 года) для управления этой болезнью.
Ресурсы Публичной Просветительской Кампании COVID-19
Публичная просветительская кампания HHS COVID-19 Мы можем это сделать — это национальная инициатива по увеличению уверенности в вакцинах против COVID-19 и укреплению основных мер предотвращения. Получите доступ к рекламным листовкам и плакатам кампании.
Факторы риска
Основные факторы риска для COVID-19 включают:
Множество факторов влияют на ваш риск заражения вирусом, вызывающим COVID-19. Длительность вашего контакта, наличие хорошей вентиляции в помещении и ваши действия влияют на риск. Также, если вы или другие носят маски, наличие симптомов COVID-19 и ваше расстояние от других влияют на ваш риск. Близкий контакт включает совместное сидение и разговоры друг с другом, например, или совместное использование автомобиля или спальни.
По-видимому, редко люди заражаются вирусом, вызывающим COVID-19, с зараженной поверхности. Хотя вирус выделяется в отходах, называемых калом, заражение COVID-19 из мест, таких как общественные туалеты, не является обычным.
Факторы риска тяжелого течения COVID-19
Некоторые люди находятся в более высоком риске развития тяжелого течения COVID-19, чем другие. К ним относятся люди в возрасте 65 лет и старше, а также дети в возрасте до 6 месяцев. У этих возрастных групп наибольший риск потребности в госпитальном уходе за COVID-19.
Не все факторы риска тяжелого течения COVID-19 известны. Люди всех возрастов без других медицинских проблем нуждались в госпитальной помощи из-за COVID-19.
Известными факторами риска серьезного заболевания являются люди, которые не привились против COVID-19. Тяжелое заболевание также более вероятно у людей, у которых есть:
Люди с деменцией или болезнью Альцгеймера также находятся в более высоком риске, как и люди с заболеваниями мозга и нервной системы, например инсульт. Курение увеличивает риск развития тяжелого течения COVID-19. Люди с индексом массы тела в категории избыточного или ожирения также могут иметь повышенный риск.
Другие медицинские состояния, которые могут повысить риск серьезного заболевания от COVID-19, включают:
Этот список не является исчерпывающим. Факторы, связанные с проблемами здоровья, также могут повысить риск серьезного течения COVID-19. Примерами являются состояние здоровья, при котором люди живут в общежитии или отсутствие доступа к медицинской помощи. Также люди с более чем одним заболеванием или пожилые люди с также проблемами со здоровьем имеют более высокий шанс тяжелого заболевания.
Болезнь коронавируса 2019 года (COVID-19): Комплексный обзор
The Impact of COVID-19 and Prevention Strategies
The coronavirus spreads mainly from person to person, even from someone who is infected but has no symptoms. When people with COVID-19 cough, sneeze, breathe, sing or talk, their breath may be infected with the COVID-19 virus.
The coronavirus carried by a person’s breath can land directly on the face of a nearby person, after a sneeze or cough, for example. The droplets or particles the infected person breathes out could possibly be breathed in by other people if they are close together or in areas with low air flow. And a person may touch a surface that has respiratory droplets and then touch their face with hands that have the coronavirus on them.
It’s possible to get COVID-19 more than once.
The virus that causes COVID-19 can infect some pets. Cats, dogs, hamsters and ferrets have caught this coronavirus and had symptoms. It’s rare for a person to get COVID-19 from a pet.
AMA COVID-19 guidance
AMA guidesClinical information and therapeutics COVID-19 glossary of termsCOVID-19 CPT coding & guidanceFederal and state advocacy effortsEthics guidance during a pandemicHealth equityTelehealth guidance
Pathophysiology
Effect of SARS-CoV-2 on the Respiratory System
Effect of SARS-CoV-2 on Extrapulmonary Organ Systems
Join CMS for our We Can Do This COVID-19 Vaccine Campaign Toolkit Webinars
We Can Do This campaign is a national initiative working hand in hand with trusted leaders and community organizations to continue to build confidence in COVID-19 vaccines and get more people vaccinated. This campaign offers tailored resources and toolkits for stakeholders to use to provide COVID-19 vaccine information to at-risk populations.
The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) is partnering with the campaign to offer several webinars to walk through each toolkit and its resources and train community organizations, local voices and trusted leaders to use the campaign tools for vaccine outreach efforts to diverse communities.
For complete list of webinars and recordings, visit the COVID-19 Stakeholder Call archive page.
If you work with:
The General Public
Nursing Home and Long-Term Care Facilities
Additional Communications, Toolkits and Resources
CMS Medicare "Be Next" Campaign Toolkit
Long-Term Care Community Champions Videos
Other Resources and Toolkits
Protect Yourself from Coronavirus Scams
If you are a Clinician
If you are a Health Plan or a State
Medicaid Section 1135 Waivers
Medicaid Home and Community Based 1915(c) Waivers/Appendix K
This resource, and earlier CMS actions in response to the COVID-19 virus, are part of the ongoing White House Task Force efforts. To keep up with the important work the Task Force is doing in response to COVID-19 click here . For information specific to CMS, please visit the Current Emergencies Website
CMS is regularly posting resources. Please note that the most updated information can be found on
Updated October 19, 2023.
Coronavirus Cases
Currently Infected Patients
in Mild Condition
Serious or Critical
Cases which had an outcome:
Recovered / Discharged
The charts above are updated after the close of the day in GMT+0. See more graphs
Reported Cases and Deaths by Country or Territory
Highlighted in green
= all cases have recovered from the infection
Highlighted in grey
= all cases have had an outcome (there are no active cases)
History and Physical
Clinical Manifestations of COVID-19
Prevention
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends a COVID-19 vaccine for everyone age 6 months and older. The COVID-19 vaccine can lower the risk of death or serious illness caused by COVID-19. It lowers your risk and lowers the risk that you may spread it to people around you.
The COVID-19 vaccines available in the United States are:
In general, people age 5 and older with typical immune systems can get any vaccine approved or authorized for their age. They usually don’t need to get the same vaccine each time.
Some people should get all their vaccine doses from the same vaccine maker, including:
Talk to your healthcare professional if you have any questions about the vaccines for you or your child. Your healthcare team can help you if:
People with weakened immune systems
Your health care team may suggest added doses of COVID-19 vaccine if you have a moderately or severely weakened immune system.
Control the spread of infection
In addition to vaccination, there are other ways to stop the spread of the virus that causes COVID-19.
If you are at a higher risk of serious illness, talk to your healthcare professional about how best to protect yourself. Know what to do if you get sick so you can quickly start treatment.
If you feel ill or have COVID-19, stay home and away from others, including pets, if possible. Avoid sharing household items such as dishes or towels if you’re sick.
In general, make it a habit to:
Try to spread out in crowded public areas, especially in places with poor airflow. This is important if you have a higher risk of serious illness.
The CDC recommends that people wear a mask in indoor public spaces if you’re in an area with a high number of people with COVID-19 in the hospital. They suggest wearing the most protective mask possible that you’ll wear regularly, that fits well and is comfortable.
Travel and COVID-19
Travel brings people together from areas where illnesses may be at higher levels. Masks can help slow the spread of respiratory diseases in general, including COVID-19. Masks help the most in places with low air flow and where you are in close contact with other people. Also, masks can help if the places you travel to or through have a high level of illness.
Masking is especially important if you or a companion have a high risk of serious illness from COVID-19.
More Information
Feb. 21, 2024
Symptoms
Typical COVID-19 symptoms often show up 2 to 14 days after contact with the virus.
Symptoms can include:
People may only have a few symptoms or none. People who have no symptoms but test positive for COVID-19 are called asymptomatic. For example, many children who test positive don’t have symptoms of COVID-19 illness. People who go on to have symptoms are considered presymptomatic. Both groups can still spread COVID-19 to others.
Some people may have symptoms that get worse about 7 to 14 days after symptoms start.
Most people with COVID-19 have mild to moderate symptoms. But COVID-19 can cause serious medical complications and lead to death. Older adults or people who already have medical conditions are at greater risk of serious illness.
COVID-19 may be a mild, moderate, severe or critical illness.
Rarely, people who catch the coronavirus can develop a group of symptoms linked to inflamed organs or tissues. The illness is called multisystem inflammatory syndrome. When children have this illness, it is called multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children, shortened to MIS-C. In adults, the name is MIS-A.
When to see a doctor
Contact a healthcare professional if you test positive for COVID-19. If you have symptoms and need to test for COVID-19, or you’ve been exposed to someone with COVID-19, a healthcare professional can help.
Get emergency help right away for any of these symptoms:
This list doesn’t include every emergency symptom. If you or a person you’re taking care of has symptoms that worry you, get help. Let the healthcare team know about a positive test for COVID-19 or symptoms of the illness.
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COVID-19 is a systemic viral illness based on its involvement in multiple major organ systems.
Etiology
SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern (VOCs)
Transmission of SARS-CoV-2
Enhancing Healthcare Team Outcomes
SARS-CoV-2 and its variants continue to cause significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Prevention and management of this highly transmissible respiratory viral illness require a holistic and interprofessional approach that includes physicians’ expertise across specialties, nurses, pharmacists, public health experts, and government authorities. There should be open communication among the clinical providers, pharmacists, and nursing staff while managing patients with COVID-19. Each team member should strive to keep abreast of the latest recommendations and guidelines and be free to speak up if they notice anything that does not comply with the latest tenets for managing COVID patients; there is no place for a hierarchy in communication that prohibits any team member from voicing their concerns. This open interprofessional approach will yield the best outcomes.
Clinical providers managing COVID-19 patients on the frontlines should keep themselves periodically updated with the latest clinical guidelines about diagnostic and therapeutic options available in managing COVID-19, especially considering the emergence of new SARS-CoV-2 variants, which could significantly impact morbidity and mortality. Continued viral surveillance of new variants is crucial at regular intervals with viral genomic sequencing, given the possibility that more highly transmissible, more virulent, and treatment-resistant variants could emerge that can have a more catastrophic effect on global health in addition to the current scenario. A multi-pronged approach involving interprofessional team members can improve patient care and outcomes for this potentially devastating disease and help the world end this pandemic.
References
Disclosure: Marco Cascella declares no relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies.
Disclosure: Michael Rajnik declares no relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies.
Disclosure: Abdul Aleem declares no relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies.
Disclosure: Scott Dulebohn declares no relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies.
Disclosure: Raffaela Di Napoli declares no relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies.
End of the COVID-19 public health emergency
The AMA has created a resource (PDF) for physicians regarding the end of the Public Health Emergency (PHE) in May 2023 outlining what has changed, what will change, and what will be extended.
COVID-19 Public Education Campaign resources