КОВИД-19, также известный как коронавирусная болезнь 2019, вызван вирусом коронавируса тяжелого острого респираторного синдрома 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Он впервые появился в конце 2019 года и был объявлен пандемией в 2020 году. Передача вируса в основном происходит через респираторные капли при близком контакте с зараженными. Хотя у многих людей могут проявляться легкие или отсутствующие симптомы, пожилые люди и те, у кого есть основные заболевания, находятся в более высоком риске серьезного заболевания или даже смерти.
Влияние прекращения чрезвычайных ситуаций, связанных с COVID-19
ПЛАНЫ ДЕМОБИЛИЗАЦИИ ЧРЕЗВЫЧАЙНОГО ПОЛОЖЕНИЯ ДЛЯ ОХРАНЫ ЗДОРОВЬЯ НАСЕЛЕНИЯ
Вакцинация против COVID-19
Вакцинация против COVID-19 основана на приоритетных группах, таких как люди в возрасте 60 лет и старше, а также те, кто имеет основные медицинские проблемы, такие как повышенное давление, диабет, хронические заболевания, иммунодефицит (включая ВИЧ), ожирение, рак, беременные женщины и невакцинированные люди. В марте 2023 года ВОЗ обновила рекомендации по первичной вакцинации (две дозы любой вакцины), а также по необходимости бустерных доз. Эти рекомендации имеют ограниченное время действия и могут измениться в любое время в зависимости от того, как вирус SARS-CoV-2 циркулирует в вашем регионе или стране. Важно следить за местными руководствами и рекомендациями, предоставляемыми вашими местными органами здравоохранения.
Профессиональная реакция ВОЗ
Всемирная организация здравоохранения является глобальным координирующим агентом по борьбе с пандемией COVID-19. Организация работает с государствами-членами и партнерами по всем аспектам ответа на пандемию, включая содействие исследованиям, разработку руководств, координацию разработки и распространения вакцин, а также отслеживание ежедневного числа случаев и трендов по всему миру.
Ответ ВОЗ
С апреля 2020 года Инициатива доступа к инструментам для борьбы с COVID-19 (ACT), запущенная ВОЗ и партнерами, поддерживает самое быстрое, наиболее координированное и успешное глобальное усилие в истории по созданию инструментов для борьбы с болезнью. COVAX, столп вакцин ACT-Accelerator, является революционным глобальным сотрудничеством для ускорения разработки, производства и равного доступа к тестам, лечению и вакцинам от COVID-19.
Заключение
Хотя ВОЗ объявила окончание чрезвычайной фазы COVID-19 в мае 2023 года, Организация продолжает координировать глобальный ответ.
COVID-19 (коронавирусная болезнь 2019 года) — это респираторное заболевание, вызванное вирусом SARS-CoV-2. Оно очень заразно и распространяется быстро.
Большинство людей с COVID-19 имеют легкие респираторные симптомы, которые похожи на простуду или грипп. Но для пожилых людей, тех, у кого есть основные медицинские проблемы, и тех, кто не привит против COVID-19, это может быть гораздо серьезнее. У некоторых людей могут возникнуть пост-COVID состояния, известные как долговременные последствия. Есть также данные о том, что вакцины от COVID-19 защищают от долговременных симптомов COVID.
Vaccines against COVID-19 are very safe and effective. They are the best defense against the virus, as they protect against serious disease, hospitalization, and death.
We know a lot more about COVD-19 than we did in 2020, and yet we’re still learning. We will continue to provide important updates.
Terms to know
aerosols: infectious viral particles that can float or drift around in the air. Aerosols are emitted by a person infected with coronavirus — even one with no symptoms — when they talk, breathe, cough, or sneeze. Another person can breathe in these aerosols and become infected with the virus. Aerosolized coronavirus can remain in the air for up to three hours. A mask can help prevent that spread.
antibodies: proteins made by the immune system to fight infections. If the antibodies later encounter the same infection, they help prevent illness by recognizing the microbe and preventing it from entering cells.
antibody test: also known as a serologic test, an antibody test is a blood test that looks for antibodies created by your immune system. An antibody test can indicate if you were previously infected but is not a reliable way to determine whether you are currently infected.
antigen: a substance displayed on the surface of a microbe that stimulates the body to produce an immune response.
antigen test: a diagnostic test that detects specific proteins on the surface of the virus.
booster: an additional dose of COVID-19 vaccine given after protection from the initial vaccine series begins to decline.
community spread (community transmission): is said to have occurred when people have been infected without any knowledge of contact with someone who has the same infection.
diagnostic test: indicates whether you are currently infected with COVID-19. A sample is collected using a swab of your nose, your nose and throat, or your saliva. The sample is then checked for the virus’s genetic material (PCR test) or for specific viral proteins (antigen test).
effectiveness: indicates the benefit of a vaccine in the real world.
efficacy: indicates the benefit of a vaccine compared to a placebo in the context of a clinical trial.
epidemic: a disease outbreak in a community or region
false negative: a test result that mistakenly indicates you are not infected when you are.
false positive: a test result that mistakenly indicates you are infected when you are not.
herd immunity: herd immunity occurs when enough people become immune to a disease to make its spread unlikely. As a result, the entire community is protected, even those who are not themselves immune. Herd immunity is usually achieved through vaccination, but it can also occur through natural infection.
immunity: partial or complete protection from a specific infection because a person has either had that infection previously or has been vaccinated against it.
incubation period: the period of time between exposure to an infection and when symptoms begin
isolation: the separation of people with a contagious disease from people who are not sick
long-haulers: people who have not fully recovered from COVID-19 weeks or even months after first experiencing symptoms.
mutation: A change to a virus’s genetic material that occurs when the virus is replicating. The change is passed on to future generations of the virus.
monoclonal antibodies: laboratory-produced proteins designed to mimic naturally occurring antibodies that target specific antigens on viruses, bacteria, and cancer cells.
mRNA: short for messenger ribonucleic acid, mRNA is genetic material that contains instructions for making proteins.
mRNA vaccines: mRNA vaccines for COVID-19 contain synthetic mRNA. Inside the body, the mRNA enters human cells and instructs them to produce the "spike" protein found on the surface of the COVID-19 virus. The body recognizes the spike protein as an invader, and produces antibodies against it. If the antibodies later encounter the actual virus, they are ready to recognize and destroy it before it causes illness.
pandemic: a disease outbreak affecting large populations or a whole region, country, or continent
physical distancing: also called social distancing, refers to actions taken to stop or slow down the spread of a contagious disease. For an individual, it refers to maintaining enough physical distance (a minimum of six feet) between yourself and another person to reduce the risk of breathing in droplets or aerosols that are produced when an infected person breathes, talks, coughs, or sneezes.
polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test: a diagnostic test that detects the presence of the virus’s genetic material.
post-viral syndrome: the constellation of symptoms experienced by COVID-19 long haulers. These symptoms may include fatigue, brain fog, shortness of breath, chills, body ache, headache, joint pain, chest pain, cough, and lingering loss of taste or smell.
SARS-CoV-2: short for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, SARS-CoV-2 is the official name for the virus responsible for COVID-19.
spike protein: a protein on the surface of the SARS-CoV-2 virus that binds to and allows the virus to enter human cells.
variant: A virus containing one or more mutations that make it different from a version of the virus that has been circulating.
variants of concern: SARS-CoV-2 viruses with mutations that make them more likely to spread, evade vaccines, or make people sicker.
vector: a harmless capsule. In a vaccine, a vector may be used to deliver a substance into the body in order to prompt an immune response.
virus: a virus is the smallest of infectious microbes, smaller than bacteria or fungi. A virus consists of a small piece of genetic material (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein shell. Viruses cannot survive without a living cell in which to reproduce. Once a virus enters a living cell (the host cell) and takes over a cell’s inner workings, the cell cannot carry out its normal life-sustaining tasks. The host cell becomes a virus manufacturing plant, making viral parts that then reassemble into whole viruses and go on to infect other cells. Eventually, the host cell dies.
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Complications
Complications of COVID-19 include long-term loss of taste and smell, skin rashes, and sores. The illness can cause trouble breathing or pneumonia. Medical issues a person already manages may get worse.
Complications of severe COVID-19 illness can include:
Post-COVID-19 Syndrome
After a COVID-19 infection, some people report that symptoms continue for months, or they develop new symptoms. This syndrome has often been called long COVID, or post-COVID-19. You might hear it called long haul COVID-19, post-COVID conditions or PASC. That’s short for post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2.
Other infections, such as the flu and polio, can lead to long-term illness. But the virus that causes COVID-19 has only been studied since it began to spread in 2019. So, research into the specific effects of long-term COVID-19 symptoms continues.
Researchers do think that post-COVID-19 syndrome can happen after an illness of any severity.
Getting a COVID-19 vaccine may help prevent post-COVID-19 syndrome.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends a COVID-19 vaccine for everyone age 6 months and older. The COVID-19 vaccine can lower the risk of death or serious illness caused by COVID-19. It lowers your risk and lowers the risk that you may spread it to people around you.
The COVID-19 vaccines available in the United States are:
In general, people age 5 and older with typical immune systems can get any vaccine approved or authorized for their age. They usually don’t need to get the same vaccine each time.
Some people should get all their vaccine doses from the same vaccine maker, including:
Talk to your healthcare professional if you have any questions about the vaccines for you or your child. Your healthcare team can help you if:
People with weakened immune systems
Your health care team may suggest added doses of COVID-19 vaccine if you have a moderately or severely weakened immune system.
Control the spread of infection
In addition to vaccination, there are other ways to stop the spread of the virus that causes COVID-19.
If you are at a higher risk of serious illness, talk to your healthcare professional about how best to protect yourself. Know what to do if you get sick so you can quickly start treatment.
If you feel ill or have COVID-19, stay home and away from others, including pets, if possible. Avoid sharing household items such as dishes or towels if you’re sick.
In general, make it a habit to:
Try to spread out in crowded public areas, especially in places with poor airflow. This is important if you have a higher risk of serious illness.
The CDC recommends that people wear a mask in indoor public spaces if you’re in an area with a high number of people with COVID-19 in the hospital. They suggest wearing the most protective mask possible that you’ll wear regularly, that fits well and is comfortable.
Travel and COVID-19
Travel brings people together from areas where illnesses may be at higher levels. Masks can help slow the spread of respiratory diseases in general, including COVID-19. Masks help the most in places with low air flow and where you are in close contact with other people. Also, masks can help if the places you travel to or through have a high level of illness.
Masking is especially important if you or a companion have a high risk of serious illness from COVID-19.
More Information
Feb. 21, 2024
Risk factors
The main risk factors for COVID-19 are:
Many factors affect your risk of catching the virus that causes COVID-19. How long you are in contact, if the space has good air flow and your activities all affect the risk. Also, if you or others wear masks, if someone has COVID-19 symptoms and how close you are affects your risk. Close contact includes sitting and talking next to one another, for example, or sharing a car or bedroom.
It seems to be rare for people to catch the virus that causes COVID-19 from an infected surface. While the virus is shed in waste, called stool, COVID-19 infection from places such as a public bathroom is not common.
Serious COVID-19 illness risk factors
Some people are at a higher risk of serious COVID-19 illness than others. This includes people age 65 and older as well as babies younger than 6 months. Those age groups have the highest risk of needing hospital care for COVID-19.
Not every risk factor for serious COVID-19 illness is known. People of all ages who have no other medical issues have needed hospital care for COVID-19.
Known risk factors for serious illness include people who have not gotten a COVID-19 vaccine. Serious illness also is a higher risk for people who have:
People with dementia or Alzheimer’s also are at higher risk, as are people with brain and nervous system conditions such as stroke. Smoking increases the risk of serious COVID-19 illness. And people with a body mass index in the overweight category or obese category may have a higher risk as well.
Other medical conditions that may raise the risk of serious illness from COVID-19 include:
This list is not complete. Factors linked to a health issue may raise the risk of serious COVID-19 illness too. Examples are a medical condition where people live in a group home, or lack of access to medical care. Also, people with more than one health issue, or people of older age who also have health issues have a higher chance of severe illness.
Causes
COVID-19 is caused by infection with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, also called SARS-CoV-2.
The coronavirus spreads mainly from person to person, even from someone who is infected but has no symptoms. When people with COVID-19 cough, sneeze, breathe, sing or talk, their breath may be infected with the COVID-19 virus.
The coronavirus carried by a person’s breath can land directly on the face of a nearby person, after a sneeze or cough, for example. The droplets or particles the infected person breathes out could possibly be breathed in by other people if they are close together or in areas with low air flow. And a person may touch a surface that has respiratory droplets and then touch their face with hands that have the coronavirus on them.
It’s possible to get COVID-19 more than once.
The virus that causes COVID-19 can infect some pets. Cats, dogs, hamsters and ferrets have caught this coronavirus and had symptoms. It’s rare for a person to get COVID-19 from a pet.
COVID-19 Vaccines
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Monitoring the impact of COVID-19 and the effectiveness of prevention and control strategies remains a public health priority. CDC continues to provide sustainable, high-impact, and timely information to inform decision-making.
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COVID-19 Data
Typical COVID-19 symptoms often show up 2 to 14 days after contact with the virus.
Symptoms can include:
People may only have a few symptoms or none. People who have no symptoms but test positive for COVID-19 are called asymptomatic. For example, many children who test positive don’t have symptoms of COVID-19 illness. People who go on to have symptoms are considered presymptomatic. Both groups can still spread COVID-19 to others.
Some people may have symptoms that get worse about 7 to 14 days after symptoms start.
Most people with COVID-19 have mild to moderate symptoms. But COVID-19 can cause serious medical complications and lead to death. Older adults or people who already have medical conditions are at greater risk of serious illness.
COVID-19 may be a mild, moderate, severe or critical illness.
Rarely, people who catch the coronavirus can develop a group of symptoms linked to inflamed organs or tissues. The illness is called multisystem inflammatory syndrome. When children have this illness, it is called multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children, shortened to MIS-C. In adults, the name is MIS-A.
When to see a doctor
Contact a healthcare professional if you test positive for COVID-19. If you have symptoms and need to test for COVID-19, or you’ve been exposed to someone with COVID-19, a healthcare professional can help.
Get emergency help right away for any of these symptoms:
This list doesn’t include every emergency symptom. If you or a person you’re taking care of has symptoms that worry you, get help. Let the healthcare team know about a positive test for COVID-19 or symptoms of the illness.
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