Understanding COVID-19: A Guide
Ложноположительный
Варианты интереса
SARS-CoV-2 вирусы, имеющие мутации, делают их более склонными к распространению, уклонению от вакцин или вызывают более тяжелые состояния у людей.
Вектор
Вектор — это безопасная капсула. В вакцине вектор может использоваться для доставки вещества в организм с целью вызвать иммунный ответ.
Вирус
Вирус является самым маленьким из инфекционных микробов, меньше бактерий или грибов. Вирус состоит из маленького куска генетического материала (ДНК или РНК), окруженного белковой оболочкой. Вирусы не могут выжить без живой клетки, в которой они могут размножаться. После того как вирус попадает в живую клетку (хозяйская клетка) и захватывает внутренние процессы клетки, клетка не может выполнять свои нормальные функции. Хозяйская клетка становится заводом по производству вируса, делая вирусные части, которые в дальнейшем собираются в целые вирусы и заражают другие клетки. В конце концов, хозяйская клетка умирает.
![Изображение](Naeblys/Getty Images)
Обзор
COVID-19 — это болезнь, вызванная коронавирусом SARS-CoV-2. Она обычно передается между людьми вблизи друг от друга.
Вакцины от COVID-19 обеспечивают сильную защиту от тяжелого течения болезни и смерти. Хотя человек может все равно заболеть COVID-19 после вакцинации, вероятность у них иметь легкие или отсутствие симптомов выше.
Любой может заболеть COVID-19 и стать серьезно больным или умереть, но большинство людей выздоравливают без лечения.
Люди старше 60 лет и те, у кого уже есть хронические заболевания, имеют более высокий риск серьезного заболевания. Сюда входят повышенное артериальное давление, диабет, ожирение, иммуносупрессия, включая ВИЧ, рак и беременность. Непривитые люди также имеют более высокий риск тяжелых симптомов.
Симптомы
Люди могут выражать разные симптомы при COVID-19. Симптомы обычно начинают проявляться через 5-6 дней после контакта и могут длиться от 1 до 14 дней.
Самые распространенные симптомы:
- Вероятность высокой температуры
- Кашель
- Утомляемость
Наименее распространенные симптомы:
- Головная боль
- Потеря вкуса или обоняния
- Сыпь
Люди с предшествующими проблемами со здоровьем находятся в более высоком риске при наличии COVID-19; им следует своевременно обратиться за медицинской помощью, если они обеспокоены своим состоянием.
Люди с тяжелым заболеванием и нуждающиеся в госпитализации должны получать лечение как можно скорее. Последствия тяжелой формы COVID-19 включают смерть, респираторную недостаточность, сепсис, тромбоэмболию (сгустки крови) и множественную органную недостаточность, включая поражение сердца, печени или почек.
В редких случаях у детей может развиться тяжелый воспалительный синдром через несколько недель после инфекции.
Некоторые люди, перенесшие COVID-19, независимо от того, нуждались ли они в госпитализации или нет, продолжают испытывать симптомы. Эти долгосрочные последствия называются долгим COVID (или посткоронавирусное состояние). Самые распространенные симптомы, связанные с долгим COVID, включают усталость, одышку и когнитивные расстройства (например, путаницу, забывчивость или отсутствие психологической фокусировки или ясности ума). Долгий COVID может влиять на способность человека выполнять повседневные задачи, такие как работа или домашние дела.
Лечение
Большинство людей выздоровеют без необходимости лечения в больнице.
Для тех, кто нуждается в нем, врачи предложат методы лечения COVID-19 в зависимости от тяжести заболевания и риска его ухудшения. Они также учтут возраст человека и наличие других заболеваний.
Дополнительно о лечении
Профилактика
Вакцины против COVID-19 обеспечивают надежную защиту от тяжелых форм заболевания, госпитализации и смертности.
Для предотвращения распространения COVID-19:
- Прививка против COVID-19 проводится в приоритетном порядке, включая пожилых людей старше 60 лет, а также лиц с сердечно-сосудистыми заболеваниями, диабетом, хроническими заболеваниями, иммунодефицитом (в том числе ВИЧ), ожирением, раком, беременными и непривитыми лицами.
- В марте 2023 года ВОЗ обновила рекомендации о вакцинации первичной серией (две дозы любой вакцины), а также необходимости бустерных доз. Эти рекомендации ограничены по времени и могут изменяться в зависимости от того, как циркулирует вирус SARS-CoV-2 в вашем районе или стране. Важно следить за местными рекомендациями и указаниями предоставленными местным органом здравоохранения.
- С момента начала использования, вакцины против COVID-19 спасли миллионы жизней по всему миру, обеспечивая защиту от тяжелой болезни, госпитализации и смерти. Несмотря на то, что вакцины защищают от тяжелой болезни и смерти, после вакцинации все еще существует возможность передачи вируса другим людям.
Ответ ВОЗ
Всемирная организация здравоохранения является глобальным координирующим агентством по реагированию на пандемию COVID-19. Организация сотрудничает с государствами-членами и партнерами по всем аспектам реагирования на пандемию, включая проведение исследований, разработку рекомендаций, координацию разработки и распределение вакцин, а также отслеживание ежедневного числа случаев и тенденций по всему миру.
C апреля 2020 года, Инструменты Доступа к Средствам для Борьбы с COVID-19 (ACT), запущенные ВОЗ и партнерами, поддерживают наиболее быстрое, скоординированное и успешное глобальное усилие в истории по разработке инструментов для борьбы с болезнью. COVAX, вакцинный столп ACT-Accelerator, представляет собой революционное глобальное сотрудничество для ускорения разработки, производства и справедливого доступа к тестам, средствам лечения и вакцинам против COVID-19.
ВОЗ предоставляет глобальную координацию и поддержку государств-членов по мониторингу безопасности вакцин. Организация разработала профили целей продукта для вакцин против COVID-19 и предоставляет техническую координацию в области НИИ и развития.
ВОЗ также возглавляет работу по улучшению глобальной способности и доступа к производству, распределению и поставке кислорода для пациентов.
Хотя ВОЗ объявила окончание чрезвычайной фазы COVID-19 в мае 2023 года, Организация продолжает координировать глобальный отклик.
COVID-19, также известный как коронавирусная болезнь 2019 года, является заболеванием, вызванным вирусом. Вирус называется тяжелым острым респираторным синдромом коронавирус 2, или более общим названием, SARS-CoV-2. Он начал распространяться в конце 2019 года и стал пандемией в 2020 году.
The virus that causes COVID-19 spreads most commonly through the air in tiny droplets of fluid between people in close contact. Many people with COVID-19 have no symptoms or mild illness. But for older adults and people with certain medical conditions, COVID-19 can lead to the need for care in the hospital or death.
Staying up to date on your COVID-19 vaccine helps prevent serious illness, the need for hospital care due to COVID-19 and death from COVID-19. Other ways that may help prevent the spread of this coronavirus includes good indoor air flow, physical distancing, wearing a mask in the right setting and good hygiene.
Medicine can limit the seriousness of the viral infection. Most people recover without long-term effects, but some people have symptoms that continue for months.
Typical COVID-19 symptoms often show up 2 to 14 days after contact with the virus.
Symptoms can include:
People may only have a few symptoms or none. People who have no symptoms but test positive for COVID-19 are called asymptomatic. For example, many children who test positive don’t have symptoms of COVID-19 illness. People who go on to have symptoms are considered presymptomatic. Both groups can still spread COVID-19 to others.
Some people may have symptoms that get worse about 7 to 14 days after symptoms start.
Most people with COVID-19 have mild to moderate symptoms. But COVID-19 can cause serious medical complications and lead to death. Older adults or people who already have medical conditions are at greater risk of serious illness.
COVID-19 may be a mild, moderate, severe or critical illness.
Rarely, people who catch the coronavirus can develop a group of symptoms linked to inflamed organs or tissues. The illness is called multisystem inflammatory syndrome. When children have this illness, it is called multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children, shortened to MIS-C. In adults, the name is MIS-A.
When to see a doctor
Contact a healthcare professional if you test positive for COVID-19. If you have symptoms and need to test for COVID-19, or you’ve been exposed to someone with COVID-19, a healthcare professional can help.
Get emergency help right away for any of these symptoms:
This list doesn’t include every emergency symptom. If you or a person you’re taking care of has symptoms that worry you, get help. Let the healthcare team know about a positive test for COVID-19 or symptoms of the illness.
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Causes
COVID-19 is caused by infection with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, also called SARS-CoV-2.
The coronavirus spreads mainly from person to person, even from someone who is infected but has no symptoms. When people with COVID-19 cough, sneeze, breathe, sing or talk, their breath may be infected with the COVID-19 virus.
The coronavirus carried by a person’s breath can land directly on the face of a nearby person, after a sneeze or cough, for example. The droplets or particles the infected person breathes out could possibly be breathed in by other people if they are close together or in areas with low air flow. And a person may touch a surface that has respiratory droplets and then touch their face with hands that have the coronavirus on them.
It’s possible to get COVID-19 more than once.
The virus that causes COVID-19 can infect some pets. Cats, dogs, hamsters and ferrets have caught this coronavirus and had symptoms. It’s rare for a person to get COVID-19 from a pet.
Risk factors
The main risk factors for COVID-19 are:
Many factors affect your risk of catching the virus that causes COVID-19. How long you are in contact, if the space has good air flow and your activities all affect the risk. Also, if you or others wear masks, if someone has COVID-19 symptoms and how close you are affects your risk. Close contact includes sitting and talking next to one another, for example, or sharing a car or bedroom.
It seems to be rare for people to catch the virus that causes COVID-19 from an infected surface. While the virus is shed in waste, called stool, COVID-19 infection from places such as a public bathroom is not common.
Serious COVID-19 illness risk factors
Some people are at a higher risk of serious COVID-19 illness than others. This includes people age 65 and older as well as babies younger than 6 months. Those age groups have the highest risk of needing hospital care for COVID-19.
Not every risk factor for serious COVID-19 illness is known. People of all ages who have no other medical issues have needed hospital care for COVID-19.
Known risk factors for serious illness include people who have not gotten a COVID-19 vaccine. Serious illness also is a higher risk for people who have:
People with dementia or Alzheimer’s also are at higher risk, as are people with brain and nervous system conditions such as stroke. Smoking increases the risk of serious COVID-19 illness. And people with a body mass index in the overweight category or obese category may have a higher risk as well.
Other medical conditions that may raise the risk of serious illness from COVID-19 include:
This list is not complete. Factors linked to a health issue may raise the risk of serious COVID-19 illness too. Examples are a medical condition where people live in a group home, or lack of access to medical care. Also, people with more than one health issue, or people of older age who also have health issues have a higher chance of severe illness.
Complications
Complications of COVID-19 include long-term loss of taste and smell, skin rashes, and sores. The illness can cause trouble breathing or pneumonia. Medical issues a person already manages may get worse.
Complications of severe COVID-19 illness can include:
Post-COVID-19 Syndrome
After a COVID-19 infection, some people report that symptoms continue for months, or they develop new symptoms. This syndrome has often been called long COVID, or post-COVID-19. You might hear it called long haul COVID-19, post-COVID conditions or PASC. That’s short for post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2.
Other infections, such as the flu and polio, can lead to long-term illness. But the virus that causes COVID-19 has only been studied since it began to spread in 2019. So, research into the specific effects of long-term COVID-19 symptoms continues.
Researchers do think that post-COVID-19 syndrome can happen after an illness of any severity.
Getting a COVID-19 vaccine may help prevent post-COVID-19 syndrome.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends a COVID-19 vaccine for everyone age 6 months and older. The COVID-19 vaccine can lower the risk of death or serious illness caused by COVID-19. It lowers your risk and lowers the risk that you may spread it to people around you.
The COVID-19 vaccines available in the United States are:
In general, people age 5 and older with typical immune systems can get any vaccine approved or authorized for their age. They usually don’t need to get the same vaccine each time.
Some people should get all their vaccine doses from the same vaccine maker, including:
Talk to your healthcare professional if you have any questions about the vaccines for you or your child. Your healthcare team can help you if:
People with weakened immune systems
Your health care team may suggest added doses of COVID-19 vaccine if you have a moderately or severely weakened immune system.
Control the spread of infection
In addition to vaccination, there are other ways to stop the spread of the virus that causes COVID-19.
If you are at a higher risk of serious illness, talk to your healthcare professional about how best to protect yourself. Know what to do if you get sick so you can quickly start treatment.
If you feel ill or have COVID-19, stay home and away from others, including pets, if possible. Avoid sharing household items such as dishes or towels if you’re sick.
In general, make it a habit to:
Try to spread out in crowded public areas, especially in places with poor airflow. This is important if you have a higher risk of serious illness.
The CDC recommends that people wear a mask in indoor public spaces if you’re in an area with a high number of people with COVID-19 in the hospital. They suggest wearing the most protective mask possible that you’ll wear regularly, that fits well and is comfortable.
Travel and COVID-19
Travel brings people together from areas where illnesses may be at higher levels. Masks can help slow the spread of respiratory diseases in general, including COVID-19. Masks help the most in places with low air flow and where you are in close contact with other people. Also, masks can help if the places you travel to or through have a high level of illness.
Masking is especially important if you or a companion have a high risk of serious illness from COVID-19.
More Information
Feb. 21, 2024
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19)
Coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)
Other namesCOVID, (the) coronavirus
Transmission and life-cycle of SARS-CoV-2, which causes COVID-19
ComplicationsPneumonia, sepsis, ARDS, kidney failure, respiratory failure, pulmonary fibrosis, CKS, MIS-C, long COVID
Usual onset2–14 days (typically 5)after infection
Duration5 days to chronic
Diagnostic methodRT‑PCR testing, CT scan, rapid antigen test
PreventionVaccination, face coverings, quarantine, social distancing, ventilation, hand washing
TreatmentSymptomatic and supportive
Several COVID-19 vaccines have been approved and distributed in various countries, which have initiated mass vaccination campaigns. Other preventive measures include physical or social distancing, quarantining, ventilation of indoor spaces, use of face masks or coverings in public, covering coughs and sneezes, hand washing, and keeping unwashed hands away from the face. While work is underway to develop drugs that inhibit the virus, the primary treatment is symptomatic. Management involves the treatment of symptoms through supportive care, isolation, and experimental measures.
Symptoms and signs
Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 cytokine storm and complications
Transmission of COVID‑19
Illustration of SARSr-CoV virion
Tropism and multiple organ injuries in SARS-CoV-2 infection
Key components of the adaptive immune response to SARS-CoV-2
Viral and host factors
The association between SARS-CoV-2 and the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)
Host cytokine response
Mild versus severe immune response during virus infection
Physiological responses to pregnancy can include:
Demonstration of a nasopharyngeal swab for COVID‑19 testing
A CT scan of a person with COVID-19 shows lesions (bright regions) in the lungs
CT scan of rapid progression stage of COVID-19
Chest X-ray showing COVID‑19 pneumonia
The main pathological findings at autopsy are:
Different vaccine candidate types in development for SARS-CoV-2
Face masks and respiratory hygiene
Masks with an exhalation valve. The valves are a weak point that can transmit the viruses outwards.
US Ambassador to Indonesia Sung Kim accompanied by local officials at the Presidential Palace wearing face masks amid the COVID-19 pandemic
Indoor ventilation and avoiding crowded indoor spaces
Students in Rwanda hand washing and wearing face masks during the COVID‑19 pandemic in the country.
An overview of COVID-19 therapeutics and drugs
Prognosis and risk factors
Human antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 infection
Case fatality rate
The same relationship plotted on a log scale
Earlier estimates of IFR
Percentage of infected people who are hospitalised
Percentage of hospitalised people who go to Intensive Care Unit
Percent of hospitalised people who die
Percent of infected people who die – infection fatality rate (IFR)
Numbers in parentheses are 95% credible intervals for the estimates.
This section needs to be updated. The reason given is: excessive detail about the very early pandemic while missing an overview of the later pandemic. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
Transmission and prevention research
Seven possible drug targets in viral replication process and drugs
Various therapeutic strategies for targeting cytokine storm
Overview of the application and use of convalescent plasma therapy
COVID-19 Coronavirus Pandemic
Coronavirus Cases
Currently Infected Patients
in Mild Condition
Serious or Critical
Cases which had an outcome:
Recovered / Discharged
The charts above are updated after the close of the day in GMT+0. See more graphs
Reported Cases and Deaths by Country or Territory
Highlighted in green
= all cases have recovered from the infection
Highlighted in grey
= all cases have had an outcome (there are no active cases)
COVID-19 Vaccines
Get the Latest on COVID-19, Flu, and RSV
Monitoring the impact of COVID-19 and the effectiveness of prevention and control strategies remains a public health priority. CDC continues to provide sustainable, high-impact, and timely information to inform decision-making.
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